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Exercise Questions/Answers from NCERT class 10th
Q 1. Write a note on:-
a. Guiseppe Mazzini
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian nationalist and revolutionary. He wanted Italy to be united and free from foreign control. He started Young Italy in 1831 to inspire young Italians to fight for independence. Mazzini believed in a republic and democracy. His efforts failed, but he inspired future leaders like Garibaldi and Cavour.
b. Count Camillo de Cavour
Answer: Count Camillo de Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia Piedmont and he contributed significantly in Italian unification. He worked to strengthen the economy, modernize the army, and form alliances. He made a crucial deal with France to defeat Austria and expand Sardinia Piedmont’s territory. Cavour’s clever diplomacy helped unite Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II.
c. The Greek War of Independence
Answer: The Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) was a fight to free Greece from Ottoman rule. Greeks were inspired by their ancient history and the idea of national freedom. European powers like Britain, France, and Russia supported them. After years of struggle, Greece became independent in 1832, (through the treaty of Constantinople) marking a victory for nationalism.
d) Frankfurt Parliament
Answer:The Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 was a meeting of German representatives aiming to unite Germany and draft a constitution. Mostly made up of middle-class delegates, it officially began on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St. Paul in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. This was the first effort by Germans to achieve political unity and establish a democratic constitution. However, disagreements and a lack of support from monarchs and military forces led to its failure. Despite not succeeding, it reflected the growing demand for German unity and liberal reforms.
e) The Role of Women in Nationalist Struggles
Answer: Women played an important role in nationalist struggles. They participated in protests, organized events, and supported revolutionary movements. In many countries, they helped raise funds and spread nationalist ideas. Though often denied political power, their efforts showed how nationalism and the fight for women’s rights were connected.
Q 2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer: Steps Taken by French Revolutionaries to Create Collective Identity:
1. New National Symbols: Revolutionaries introduced symbols like the tricolor flag and the La Marseillaise anthem to instill national pride.
2. Equality and Rights: They abolished privileges of the monarchy, nobility, and clergy, establishing equal rights for all citizens.
3. Centralized Laws: Common laws applied to everyone, creating fairness and unifying citizens under the same rules.
4. Standardized Language: The French language was promoted as a unifying medium, replacing regional dialects to bring people closer.
5. Citizen Identity: The concept of being a citizen with rights and responsibilities was emphasized, creating a shared sense of belonging.
Q.3 Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Answer: Marianne and Germania were female symbols representing France and Germany, respectively, during the 19th century. They symbolized the values and unity of their nations:
Marianne represented the French Republic and ideals like liberty and equality, often shown with a red cap to symbolize freedom. Her images reminded people of their shared republican values.
Germania symbolized German strength and unity, depicted with a crown of oak leaves and often holding a sword or flag. She inspired national pride and unity
Q.4 Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer: The unification of Germany occurred between 1815 and 1871, led by Prussia and its Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. He followed the policy of “Blood and Iron” to achieve the unification of Germany. Through a series of wars—the Danish War (1864), Austro-Prussian War (1866), and Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)—Bismarck united German states under Prussian leadership. [In easy words, he fought three wars over seven years against Denmark, Austria and France and won.] In 1871, King Wilhelm I was declared the German Emperor, marking the creation of a unified German Empire.
Q.5 What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer: Napoleon brought in several changes to make the administration work better in the areas he controlled:
- Napoleonic Code: He introduced a set of laws that treated everyone equally and protected people’s property rights.
- Centralized Control: Napoleon created a strong central government to manage all regions more efficiently.
- Better Tax System: He restructured taxes to make them fair and ensure the government had enough money.
- Merit-Based Jobs: People were given government and military jobs based on their skills and achievements, not their family background.
- Improved Infrastructure: Napoleon focused on building better roads and improving communication to help trade and travel.
Discuss:-
Q.1 Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer: The 1848 Revolution of the Liberals was a wave of uprisings in Europe led by people who wanted more freedom and better government. They fought for political, social, and economic changes.
Political Ideas:
- Constitutional government: Liberals wanted a government based on a constitution with limited power for monarchs.
- More democracy: They supported the right to vote for all men and greater participation in politics.
Social Ideas:
- Civil rights: Liberals wanted basic freedoms like freedom of speech and equality for all citizens.
- Equality before the law: They believed everyone should be treated equally, no matter their social class.
Economic Ideas:
- Protection of private property: They wanted to secure people’s right to own and use property.
- Free markets: Liberals supported removing trade restrictions and allowing businesses to compete freely.
Q.2 Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Answer: 1. Romantic Art and Literature: Writers and artists celebrated national history and traditions, helping people feel proud of their cultural roots.
Example: Johann Gottfried Herder in Germany promoted the idea that each nation should value its own language, folklore, and traditions, which helped strengthen German nationalism.
2. Folk Songs and Traditions: Folk music and traditions played an important role in connecting people and creating a sense of shared identity.
Example: Karol Kurpiński used Polish folk music in his compositions to inspire national pride and resistance during Poland’s time under foreign rule.
3. Language: The promotion of a common language helped unite people and create a stronger national identity.
Example: Giuseppe Mazzini in Italy encouraged the use of the Tuscan dialect as a national language, uniting Italy’s various regions.
Q.3 Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Answer: Italy:
- In the 19th century, Italy was divided into several regions. Leaders like Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo de Cavour played key roles in unification.
- Mazzini spread nationalist ideas, Cavour focused on political alliances, and Garibaldi led military campaigns to unite the states.
- By 1861, Italy became a unified kingdom, and in 1871, Rome was made the capital.
Germany:
- Before unification, Germany was a group of independent states. Otto von Bismarck used military strategy and diplomacy to unite them.
- After victories in wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, Germany unified in 1871 under the leadership of Prussia.
Q.4 How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer: Britain’s nationalism was different from the rest of Europe in that:
Liberal Nationalism: It focused on political rights and democratic reforms rather than revolutionary movements.
Gradual Unification: Britain was already united by the 18th century, unlike fragmented countries like Italy and Germany.
No Major Revolutions: National unity was achieved through constitutional reforms, not revolutions.
Empire Influence: British nationalism was closely tied to the power and pride of the British Empire.
Q.5 Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer: Nationalist tensions in the Balkans emerged due to:
External Conflicts:
- Great Power Rivalry: Russia, Austria-Hungary, and other European powers competed for influence in the Balkans, intensifying nationalist movements.
- Ottoman Decline: The weakening Ottoman Empire left a power vacuum, with foreign powers vying for control, adding to regional instability.
Internal Conflicts:
- Failed Revolts: Uprisings against Ottoman rule by various ethnic groups, such as the Serbs and Greeks, contributed to internal conflict and nationalist struggles.
- Ethnic Diversity: Different ethnic groups (Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, etc.) sought independence and self-rule, leading to tensions within the region.
Note: Answering styles vary with different perspectives. Some write in paragraphs, others prefer point-wise formats. Choose your own way of writing, but make sure your answers include the required examples and highlight important points first. This flexibility helps you present your answers more clearly and effectively!
Here are other related Links:-
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (Easy Notes)
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (Multiple choice questions)
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (Case based questions)
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