Q.1 Who was Frederic Sorrieu and what did his Utopian vision depict?

Q.2 What is being carried by female figure in the print of Frederic Sorrieu?

Q.3 What does the shattered remains signify?

Q.4 Which countries were leading the procession?

Q.5 What is the difference between nation state and modern state?

Q.6 What is Plebiscite?

Q.7 When did The French Revolution occur?

Q.8 What steps were taken by the French Revolutionaries in order to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people?

or

Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France. (3) (Previously asked question)

Q.9 Write briefly about the civil code of 1804.

Q.10 What were the drawbacks of the Napoleonic Code.

Q.11 Who were called the ‘harbingers of Liberty’ and Why?

Q.12 What do you understand by ‘Nationalism’?

Q.13 How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?

Q.14 What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?

Q.15 Highlight the various measures and practices that French revolutionaries introduced to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. (5) (Previously asked question)

Q.16 Highlight the role of Otto Von Bismarck in making of Germany. (5) (Previously asked question)

Q.17 ”The unification of Britain was not the result of any revolution. It was a long drawn process.” Elucidate. (5) (Previously asked question)

Or

Briefly describe the process of German unification.

Q.18 ”The Balkan region became an area of intense conflict”. Justify the statement giving reasons. (5) (Previously asked question)

Q.19 Who hosted Vienna Congress in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the Vienna Treaty? (5)(Previously asked question)

Q.20 Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? Why did his visions frighten the conservatives? (5) (Previously asked question)

Q.21 ”Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation”. Explain. (5) (Previously asked question)

Q.22 Highlight the reasons for the growth of nationalist tensions in the Balkan region before the First World War. (5) (Previously asked question)

Q.23 ‘Culture played an important- role in creating the idea of Nation in Europe’. Explain with example. (5)(Previously asked question)

Q.24 ‘Nationalism aligned with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914’ Support your answer with special reference to Balkan States. (5) (Previously asked question)

Q.25 Why was the period between 1830-1848 is called the age of revolutions in Europe? Give reasons. (3)(Previously asked question)

Answers:-

1- Answer:- Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist. In 1848, he made a series of prints showing his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics. His famous print showed people from different European nations marching together to honor the Statue of Liberty. It depicted a utopian vision where nations were free, equal, and united.

2- Answer:- In the print by Frederic Sorrieu, the female figure is carrying a torch of Enlightenment in one hand and a Charter of the Rights of Man in the other hand.

3-Answer:- The shattered remains in Sorrieu’s print signify the end of absolutist (monarchical) rule. They show that old, oppressive kingdoms have been destroyed to build a world of freedom and democracy.

4- Answer:- In the procession, the United States and Switzerland were leading because they were already established as nation-states based on democratic principles.

5- Answer:- Nation-State:

• A country where people share common identity like language, culture, and history.
• The nation and the government are linked together.
• Example: France after the French Revolution.

Modern State:

• A political unit with clear borders and a central authority (government).
• People may have different identities and cultures.
• Example: The British Empire ruled over many cultures.

6- Answer:- A plebiscite is a direct vote by the people to decide a big issue, like changing borders or laws. It lets citizens choose Yes or No themselves instead of the government deciding.

7- Answer:- The French Revolution occurred in 1789.

8- Answer:- The French revolutionaries took various steps to create a collective identity:-

i) They named the nation ‘la patrie’ (the fatherland) and the people ‘le citoyen’ (the citizen).

ii) They composed new hymns and honoured martyrs.

iii) They adopted a new tricolour French flag.

iv) They composed the national anthem, La Marseillaise.

v) They set up a centralised administrative system and made uniform laws.

vi) They removed internal customs duties and dues.

vii) They introduced a uniform system of weights and measures.

viii) They discouraged local dialects, and French used in Paris became the common language of the country.

9- Answer:- The Civil Code of 1804, also called the Napoleonic Code, was made by Napoleon. It removed privileges based on birth, set equality before the law, and protected the right to property. This code spread to other regions under French control.

10- Answer:- The drawbacks were :- increased taxation, strict censorship, and forced conscription into the French armies to conquer other parts of Europe.

11- Answer:- The French armies were called the harbingers of liberty because they brought ideas of freedom and equality to the places they conquered. People believed they would end old privileges and bring new rights.

12- Answer:- Nationalism means love and loyalty for one’s nation. It is the feeling that people share a common identity, history, and culture, and want to live together in an independent nation.

13- Answer:- Nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerged in Europe after the French Revolution. The revolution spread ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. People started to feel united by common language, culture, and history. Napoleon’s wars and reforms spread these ideas to other regions, making people want their own nations free from foreign rule.

14- Answer:- Liberal nationalism stood for individual freedom, equality before the law, and government by consent. It wanted to end aristocracy and clerical privileges. Liberals believed in having a constitution, an elected government, and free markets without trade barriers.

15- Answer:- Same as answer 8

16- Answer:- Otto von Bismarck played a key role in unifying Germany. He was the Prime Minister of Prussia and followed a policy of “blood and iron.” He led three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, which helped bring together German states under Prussian leadership. Bismarck used military power and diplomacy to defeat rivals and strengthen Prussia. In 1871, he proclaimed the German Empire at the Palace of Versailles, making King William I the German Emperor.

17- Answer:- The unification of Britain was not the result of any revolution. It was a slow and long process where England gradually extended its control over the other regions.

• In 1707, the Act of Union merged England and Scotland, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
• The English controlled Parliament, trade, and culture, weakening Scottish and Welsh identities.
• In 1801, Ireland was formally united with Britain, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
• Ireland was brought under British rule by force, and revolts were crushed.

18- Answer:- The Balkan region became an area of intense conflict for internal and external reasons:

The Balkans were home to many ethnic groups, like Serbs, Bulgarians, Greeks, and others, who all wanted independence from Ottoman rule. These groups had strong nationalist feelings and often fought with each other over territory.

Big European powers like Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain, and Germany also wanted to control the Balkans for their own interests. They supported different nationalist groups, which increased rivalries and tensions.

The struggle for independence and outside interference made the Balkans very unstable, finally leading to wars and contributing to the First World War.

19- Answer:- The Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted the Vienna Congress in 1815.

The main changes made by the Vienna Treaty were:

• The Bourbon royal family was restored in France, and France lost all lands it had taken.
• Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria shared new territories:
  • Prussia got land on its western borders and part of Saxony.
  • Austria took control of northern Italy.
  • Russia got part of Poland.
• To stop France from growing stronger again:
  • The Kingdom of the Netherlands was created in the north, including Belgium.
  • Genoa was joined to Piedmont in the south.
• The German Confederation of 39 states stayed unchanged.

The main aim was to bring back old monarchies and build a conservative order in Europe.

20- Answer:- Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary leader. He was born in 1807 and formed Young Italy, a secret society to unite Italy into a single republic. He believed that nations should be free and democratic.

His visions frightened the conservatives because:

• He wanted to end monarchies and create republics.
• He encouraged people to fight for freedom, which could lead to revolutions.
• His ideas threatened the power of kings and emperors.
• Conservatives feared that his movements would break up old empires and existing order in Europe.

21- Answer:- Like Germany, Italy also had a long history of political fragmentation.

• Italy was divided into many states and kingdoms, not one country.
• These included the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, the Papal States, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and others.
• Different regions were ruled by different dynasties and foreign powers, like the Austrians in the north.
• Each state had its own laws, rulers, and interests, which kept Italy weak and divided.

Because of this, Italy could not become a strong nation easily, and it took many years of struggle to unite under one government.

22- Answer:- Before the First World War, nationalist tensions in the Balkans arose from inside and outside the region:

Internal Conflicts:

• Different ethnic groups wanted freedom from Ottoman rule.
• Communities like Serbs, Greeks, and Bulgarians fought each other over territory.
• Each group dreamed of forming their own nation-state, which caused rivalry.

External Conflicts:

• The weakening Ottoman Empire invited interference from other powers.
• Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary all wanted to increase their influence in the Balkans.
• Their rivalry made the Balkans more unstable and tense.

23- Answer:- Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe because it brought people together and built a shared identity.

i) Language helped people feel united. For example, German romantic poet Johann Gottfried Herder said that German language and folklore showed the true spirit of the nation.

ii) Folk songs, dances, and stories were collected to spread national feelings among common people.

iii) In Poland, when Russia banned the Polish language, Polish became a symbol of resistance. People used it in churches and schools to keep their identity alive.

iv) Art and music also created national pride. For example, Karol Kurpinski used music to inspire Polish nationalism.

24- Answer:- The combination of nationalism and imperialism pushed Europe into disaster in 1914, and the Balkans were a main reason for this crisis.

• Many Balkan states wanted to free themselves from Ottoman rule and expand their own borders.
• Countries like Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece competed fiercely, leading to constant wars in the region.
• At the same time, big European powers tried to control the Balkans to protect their own interests.
• Austria-Hungary aimed to dominate the area, while Russia supported Slavic groups like Serbia, creating more rivalry.
• This struggle turned the Balkans into a highly unstable and tense region.
• However, the situation exploded when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo. And it triggered the First World War.

25- Answer:- The period between 1830 and 1848 is called the Age of Revolutions in Europe because:

i) Many revolutions took place to end conservative rule and establish liberal ideas. In July 1830, the French revolutionaries overthrew the Bourbon kings and set up a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe.

ii) The French Revolution inspired other regions, such as the Belgian Revolution (started in August 1830), which led to Belgium gaining independence from the Netherlands.

iii) The Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) also succeeded, and Greece became a sovereign nation in 1832, breaking free from Ottoman rule.

Across Europe, educated middle classes and liberal nationalists demanded constitutions, nation-states, and more rights, leading to widespread unrest and uprisings.

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