Industries | Easy and Comprehensive Notes for class 8th

Introduction:-

Look around you! The clothes you wear, the books you read, and even the chair you sit on—everything is made somewhere. But how? This happens in industries, where raw materials are changed into useful things. Industries help in making products that we use every day.

What is Manufacturing?

It is a secondary activity that changes raw materials into useful products.

• Example: Pulp → Paper → Notebook (Each step increases value).
• Note:- Finished products become more valuable and useful than raw materials.

Where does this manufacturing take place?

It takes place in factories which is an important part of many industries.

What is an Industry?

• Industry refer to an economic activity.
• It is a place where raw materials are turned into products, minerals are extracted, and services are provided to people.
• We classify industries under secondary activities or manufacturing sector.
• Note:- Economic activity means any work people do to earn money.

Classification of Industries

Industries fall into different types based on raw materials, size, and ownership.

Classification by Raw Materials

• Agro-based Industries – They use plants and animals to make products.
  • Example: Food processing, cotton textile, dairy, leather.
• Mineral-based Industries – They take minerals and turn them into useful materials.
  • Example: Iron & steel (used for machines, railway coaches, buildings, etc.).
• Marine-based Industries – These industries use sea products to make items.
  • Example: Seafood processing, fish oil production.
• Forest-based Industries – These are the industries which turn forest materials into products.
  • Example: Paper, furniture, medicines.

Classification by Size

Size depends on investment, workers, and production level.

• Small-scale Industries – They use less capital and simple tools.
  • Example: Silk weaving, food processing.
• Medium-scale Industries – They are bigger than small-scale, but smaller than large-scale. Also, they use more workers and better technology.
  • Example: Clothing factories, machine parts production.
• Large-scale Industries – These industries need big investments, advanced machines. And they produce goods in bulk.
  • Example: Automobile, heavy machinery.
• Cottage Industry – A type of small-scale industry where artisans handcraft items.
  • Moreover, It is also known as household industry because these industries are run by family members.
  • Example: Pottery, basket weaving, handicrafts.

Classification by Ownership

Industries operate under different ownership are :

• Private Sector – Individuals or groups run the business.
  • Example: Tata, Reliance.
• Public Sector – The government controls and operates them.
  • Example: SAIL, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
• Joint Sector – The government and private owners share control.
  • Example: Maruti Udyog Ltd.
• Cooperative Sector – Producers, workers, or suppliers manage the industry.
  • Example: Amul, Sudha Dairy.

Industries shape the economy, create jobs, and provide useful products.

Factors affecting location of Industries:-

1. Raw Materials – Industries need raw materials, so they are often set up near where these are available.
2. Land and Water – They require open space and water for working and cleaning.
3. Labour – Workers must be available nearby to run the industries.
4. Power Supply – Electricity or fuel is needed to run machines.
5. Capital – Industries need money to start and grow.
6. Transport – Good roads, railways, or ports help in moving raw materials and finished goods.
7. Market – Industries grow better where people can easily buy their products.
8. Government Support – Sometimes, the government offers help like cheaper electricity or transport to encourage industries in less-developed areas.

Note:- Many big cities in India like Jamshedpur and Bhilai grew because of nearby industries.

Industrial System:-

An industrial system works like a cycle. It has three parts:

1. Inputs:- These are the things needed to start:
   • Raw materials (like cotton)
   • Labour (people who work)
   • Land, power, transport, and money
2. Processes:- These are the steps that change raw materials into final products:
   • Example (in textile industry): Ginning → Spinning → Weaving → Dyeing → Printing
3. Outputs:- These are the final products and the money earned:
   • Example: A cotton shirt is the output.

Industrial Region:-

• Industrial regions form when many industries set up close to each other.
• These industries share roads, power, workers, and other things.
• Big industrial regions grow near:
  • Coal fields
  • Sea ports
  • Temperate areas (not too hot or cold)

Major Industrial Regions of the World

• Eastern North America
• Western and Central Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Asia

Major Industrial Regions in India

• Mumbai–Pune Cluster
• Bangalore–Tamil Nadu Region
• Hugli Region (West Bengal)
• Ahmedabad–Baroda Region (Gujarat)
• Chotanagpur Belt (Jharkhand)
• Vishakhapatnam–Guntur Belt (Andhra Pradesh)
• Gurgaon–Delhi–Meerut Region
• Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram Cluster (Kerala)

Note – These areas grow fast because industries bring jobs, transport, and money.

Distribution of major industries:-

Three big industries in the world are:

• Iron and Steel
• Textile
• Information Technology (IT)

Note:- Iron and Steel and Textile are old industries. And Information Technology is a new and fast-growing industry.

Where are these industries found?

• Iron and Steel Industry – Germany, USA, China, Japan, and Russia
• Textile Industry – Common in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan
• IT Industry – Popular in Silicon Valley (USA) and Bangalore (India)

Iron and Steel Industry

• This is a feeder industry that supplies steel to other industries.
• Inputs: iron ore, coal, limestone, labour, money, land, power.
• Process: smelting in blast furnace, then refining.
• Output: steel.
• Steel is strong. People can shape it, cut it, or make wires from it.
• Moreover, factory workers use alloys to make steel stronger and prevent rust.
  • Alloys are a mix of steel and small amounts of other metals.
  • For example, aluminium, nickel, or copper.
• Steel is called the backbone of modern industry.
• It is used to make tools, machines, ships, trains, cars, and buildings.
• Before 1800, factories stayed near raw materials and water.
• After 1950, they shifted near ports to import iron ore easily.
• In India, main centres are Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) , Bhilai (Chhattisgarh) , Rourkela (Odisha) , Bokaro (Jharkhand) , and Durgapur (West Bengal).
• Other major centres are Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, and Salem in Tamil Nadu.

Jamshedpur – India’s First Steel City

TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand.

Later, Sakchi became Jamshedpur.

The site offered many benefits:

• Close to Kalimati railway station (32 km away)
• Near iron ore, coal, and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh
• Coal comes from Jharia
• Water comes from Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers
• Kolkata gave a large market
• The government provided capital for expansion

Other industries also came up later. These make chemicals, machinery, agricultural tools, wires, and tinplate.

Importance of Iron and Steel Industry

This industry supports almost all other industries in India. It includes:

• Large steel plants
• Mini steel mills
• Rolling mills
• Secondary producers

Pittsburgh – USA’s Steel Hub

Pittsburgh in the USA became a big steel centre.

• Coal is available nearby
• Iron ore comes from Minnesota (1500 km away) via Great Lakes
• Trains carry ore from lakes to Pittsburgh
• Rivers like Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny supply water

Today, most steel mills lie in river valleys around Pittsburgh.
Factories here use steel to make railroad tools, heavy machines, and rails.