Q.1 What was the major policy decision announced in the Office Memorandum of August 13, 1990? (2)

Q.2 Who headed the Second Backward Classes Commission, and what was it popularly known as? (2)

Q.3 How did the media contribute to the debate and discussion surrounding the Office Memorandum, and what were the various perspectives presented? (3)

Q.4 Analyze the response of different political, social, and economic groups to the job reservation policy, highlighting both support and opposition. (3)

Q.5 Who resolves disputes arising from governmental decisions in India? (1)

Q.6 What was the outcome of the ‘Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case‘ in the Supreme Court? (2)

Q.7 What were the arguments in favor of job reservations, and who believed it was necessary? (2)

Q.8 Reflect on the significance of having institutions in a democracy, using the example of the decision-making process for job reservation. (5)

Q.9 Why do most large countries divide the role and powers of Parliament into two Houses? (2)

Q.10 What special powers does the Rajya Sabha have over the states, according to the Constitution? (3)

Q.11 In most countries, when can public money be spent, and who sanctions it? (1)

Q.12 What is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country? (1)

Q.13 Examine the various functions of Parliament in a democracy, emphasizing its role in law-making, control over the government, and financial matters. (5)

Q.14 In a coalition government, what constraints might the Prime Minister face in the exercise of power? (2)

Q.15 Explain the nominal powers of the President and the limitations on those powers. (5)

Q.16 Evaluate the role and significance of the Council of Ministers in the decision-making process within the parliamentary system. (3)

Q.17 Distinguish between the political executive and the permanent executive. (2)

Q.18 What is the role of the judiciary in a democracy? (3)

Q.19 What does the term “independence of the judiciary” mean? (2)

Q.20 Explain the concept of an integrated judiciary in India. (2)

Q.21 How are judges appointed to the Supreme Court and High Courts in India? (1)

Q.22 Describe the power of judicial review and its significance in a democracy. (3)

Q.23 How can a judge be removed from the Supreme Court or High Court in India? (2)

Q.24 What is public interest litigation (PIL), and how does it contribute to the functioning of the judiciary? (5)

Q.25 Evaluate the reasons behind the high level of confidence that the judiciary enjoys among the people in India. (2)

Q.26 Explore the impact of judicial activism on the governance and democratic processes in India. (3)

Q.27 Describe the significance of the judiciary as the guardian of Fundamental Rights in India, citing relevant examples. (3)