Subjective Questions:
Answer the following Questions.
Q.1 Why do different individuals or groups have varying developmental goals?
Q.2 How can conflicting developmental goals arise, and what are some examples of such conflicts?
Q.3 Why is income often considered a crucial aspect of development, and what are the limitations of focusing solely on income?
Q.4 What non-material factors are mentioned as essential for a good quality of life, and why are they important?
Q.5 Why is it important to consider both material and non-material aspects when evaluating development?
Q.6 In the context of development, how can gender equality and respect for women play a crucial role in achieving broader goals?
Q.7 What are the limitations of using per capita income as the sole indicator of development, and how does HDI address these limitations?
Q.8 What does the term “per capita income” refer to, and why is it a commonly used metric for comparing countries’ economic well-being?
Q.9 According to the World Bank’s classification, what income thresholds distinguish “rich” countries from “low-income” countries?
Q.10 Why are Middle Eastern countries and certain smaller nations excluded when referring to “developed countries”?
Answers:
Answer 1: Different individuals or groups have varying developmental goals because their aspirations and desires are shaped by their unique circumstances, values, and priorities. What one person or community considers essential for development may differ significantly from another’s perspective.
Answer 2: Conflicting developmental goals can arise when the pursuit of one goal negatively impacts another’s interests. For example, the desire for more industrialization and electricity generation may conflict with the goal of preserving tribal lands and communities, leading to disputes.
Answer 3: Income is often considered crucial because it provides the means for people to access essential goods and services. However, focusing solely on income overlooks non-material aspects of development, such as freedom, security, and equality, which are equally important for well-being.
Answer 4: Non-material factors essential for a good quality of life include equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect. They are important because they contribute to overall well-being and help ensure that development is inclusive, just, and meaningful for individuals and societies.
Answer 5: It is important to consider both material and non-material aspects when evaluating development because they collectively determine the quality of life and well-being of individuals and communities. Ignoring non-material factors can lead to an incomplete understanding of development.
Answer 6: Gender equality and respect for women are crucial in development because they ensure that half of the population has equal opportunities and rights. Empowering women leads to a more equitable and inclusive society, contributing to broader developmental goals.
Answer 7: Per capita income as the sole indicator of development overlooks important non-material aspects and inequalities within societies. HDI addresses these limitations by including health and education indicators, offering a more holistic measure of development.
Answer 8: Per capita income refers to the average income earned by each individual in a country. It is a commonly used metric for comparing countries’ economic well-being as it enables assessment of citizens’ average income levels while accounting for differences in population sizes among nations.
Answer 9: According to the World Bank’s classification, countries with a per capita income of US$ 12,616 per annum and above are categorized as “rich” countries. On the other hand, countries with a per capita income of US$ 1,035 or less are classified as “low-income” countries. These income thresholds help distinguish the economic development status of countries based on their average income levels per person.
Answer 10: Middle Eastern countries and certain smaller nations are often excluded from the category of “developed countries” because the classification of a country as “developed” takes into account not only per capita income but also a broader set of factors such as social well-being, infrastructure, governance, and human development indices. While some Middle Eastern countries may have high per capita income due to their oil wealth, they may still face challenges related to overall development, including social and political factors. Similarly, smaller nations with high incomes may not possess the same scale and complexity as larger developed countries, impacting their classification as “developed.” The term “developed countries” reflects a comprehensive assessment of a nation’s overall development, extending beyond income levels alone.