Author: Preeti

Introduction: In a democratic country, the elected rulers follow some rules and procedures. They work within different institutions and perform their respective functions. These institutions help to prevent concentration of power and attain efficiency in the working of the government. In this chapter, you would know about the Indian institutional design. How is a major […]

Introduction: This chapter deals with basic knowledge of the constitution. Basically, it would make you understand the need of a constitution and how the Indian constitution came into effect. Lastly, you would read about the key features in the Indian Constitution. Why does a country need a Constitution? Before we discuss the need, let’s understand […]

Introduction: In civics, we generally study about the political system, institutions, people’s rights and freedom. Similarly, Last year, you learnt about the basic principles in the preamble, Laws and Indian Constitution. So you would have an idea what forces help in running the government. This year, you have to understand what kind of government works […]

Introduction: This chapter will take you to those days when European traders saw India as the profitable trading place. They came as a trader (or for trade purpose) but eventually took control over the administration and became powerful. It will also help you to know the entire story of the establishment of British Raj in […]

Introduction: The terms like Liberty, equality and fraternity are common in the contemporary world. Although, there was a time when people could not even think of getting such basic rights. People had to obey the order of autocratic monarchs and face hardships due to lack of basic amenities. In Europe, a feudal system existed. Moreover, […]

Introduction: Our planet (earth) appears blue as three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Yet, we often hear the news of water scarcity. Well, many of you may know the reason, why? but don’t know the solution, how? So, this chapter will direct you towards the need and corrective measures for conserving water […]

Introduction: The food living beings consume, water intake, clothes wear and live in, all are the products of nature. And humans have termed these sources of livelihood as resources. All living beings need these resources but often human beings become indifferent towards the problems related to resources. Here, in the first chapter we will learn […]

Introduction: Every society has many kinds of people. How politics deals with these differences decides whether we stay united or get divided. In India, we have largely stayed together, but differences still exist. In this chapter, we look at three major social divisions ; gender, religion, and caste and how they appear in politics. Social […]